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Technical Drawing, 13th Edition 2009, (Giesecke et al.)
Technical drawing is a skill that every engineer, designer, architect, and technician needs to master. It is the art and science of creating accurate and precise graphical representations of objects, systems, or concepts. Technical drawing can be done by hand or by using computer-aided drafting (CAD) software.
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Technical Drawing (13th Edition) is an authoritative book that provides a clear and comprehensive introduction to technical drawing and CAD. It covers the basic graphics principles and an unmatched set of fully machinable working drawings. It also offers instruction to help users create 2D drawings by hand or by using CAD software. This book is suitable for professions that utilize the skills of engineering graphics/technical drawing and drafting/technical sketching.
In this article, we will explore the following topics:
What is technical drawing?
What is computer-aided drafting (CAD)?
How to use Technical Drawing (13th Edition) as a guide book?
What is technical drawing?
Technical drawing is the process of creating graphical representations of objects or systems that convey technical information. Technical drawings are used to communicate design ideas, specifications, instructions, or solutions. They can also be used to document existing conditions or analyze problems.
Technical drawing has a long history that dates back to ancient civilizations. The earliest examples of technical drawings are found in cave paintings, hieroglyphs, maps, and architectural plans. Technical drawing evolved over time with the development of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Today, technical drawing is an essential part of many industries such as manufacturing, construction, aerospace, automotive, electronics, biotechnology, etc.
Technical drawings can have various purposes and applications depending on the context and audience. Some common types of technical drawings are:
Types of technical drawings
Orthographic drawings: These are two-dimensional (2D) drawings that show the front, top, and side views of an object. They are also called multiview drawings because they show multiple views of the same object. Orthographic drawings are used to show the shape, size, and dimensions of an object.
Isometric drawings: These are 3D drawings that show the object from an angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal plane. They are also called axonometric drawings because they show the axes of the object. Isometric drawings are used to show the overall appearance and orientation of an object.
Oblique drawings: These are 3D drawings that show the object from an angle other than 30 degrees to the horizontal plane. They are also called cavalier or cabinet drawings depending on the scale of the depth dimension. Oblique drawings are used to show the general shape and features of an object.
Perspective drawings: These are 3D drawings that show the object as it appears to the eye from a given point of view. They are also called realistic or pictorial drawings because they mimic the human vision. Perspective drawings are used to show the visual effect and impression of an object.
Schematic drawings: These are simplified drawings that show the functional or logical relationships of components or systems. They are also called diagrammatic or symbolic drawings because they use symbols, lines, and colors to represent elements. Schematic drawings are used to show the operation, flow, or circuit of a system.
Technical drawings must follow certain standards and conventions to ensure clarity, accuracy, and consistency. Some of the important aspects of technical drawing standards and conventions are:
Standards and conventions for technical drawings
Dimensioning: This is the process of adding numerical values to indicate the size and location of features on a drawing. Dimensioning must follow the rules of placement, alignment, orientation, format, and notation.
Tolerancing: This is the process of specifying the allowable variation or deviation from the nominal dimension. Tolerancing must follow the rules of symbols, modifiers, datums, and geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T).
Symbols: These are graphical elements that represent specific entities or meanings on a drawing. Symbols must follow the rules of shape, size, orientation, and location.
Notation: This is the process of adding textual information to explain or clarify features on a drawing. Notation must follow the rules of font, style, size, and placement.
Units: These are the units of measurement used to express dimensions, tolerances, and other quantities on a drawing. Units must follow the rules of system, format, and conversion.
Technical drawing can be done by using various tools and techniques depending on the type, purpose, and complexity of the drawing. Some of the common tools and techniques for technical drawing are:
Tools and techniques for technical drawing
Manual tools: These are physical tools that are used to create drawings by hand. Manual tools include pencils, pens, erasers, rulers, compasses, protractors, triangles, scales, templates, etc.
Digital tools: These are software applications that are used to create drawings by using a computer. Digital tools include CAD software, graphic design software, image editing software, etc.
Sketching: This is a technique of creating rough or preliminary drawings by using freehand strokes. Sketching is used to generate ideas, explore concepts, or communicate design intent.
Drafting: This is a technique of creating detailed and accurate drawings by using precise measurements and calculations. Drafting is used to document design specifications, instructions, or solutions.
Modeling: This is a technique of creating 3D representations of objects or systems by using geometric shapes and parameters. Modeling is used to analyze design performance, functionality, or feasibility.
Rendering: This is a technique of creating realistic images or animations of objects or systems by using lighting, shading, texture, color, and perspective effects. Rendering is used to enhance design appearance, impression, or presentation.
What is computer-aided drafting (CAD)?
Computer-aided drafting (CAD) is the use of computer software to create, modify, analyze, or optimize technical drawings. CAD software can perform various functions such as:
Create 2D or 3D models of objects or systems by using geometric shapes and parameters.
Edit or modify existing models by using commands such as move, copy, rotate, scale, mirror, trim, extend, etc.
What is computer-aided drafting (CAD)?
Computer-aided drafting (CAD) is the use of computer software to create, modify, analyze, or optimize technical drawings. CAD software can perform various functions such as:
Create 2D or 3D models of objects or systems by using geometric shapes and parameters.
Edit or modify existing models by using commands such as move, copy, rotate, scale, mirror, trim, extend, etc.
Analyze or simulate models by using tools such as stress analysis, fluid dynamics, thermal analysis, kinematics, dynamics, etc.
Optimize models by using tools such as parametric design, feature-based design, generative design, etc.
Export or import models in different file formats for data exchange or storage.
Generate 2D drawings from 3D models by using tools such as projection, sectioning, dimensioning, tolerancing, etc.
Render or animate models by using tools such as lighting, shading, texture, color, perspective, etc.
CAD software has many advantages over manual drawing methods. Some of the benefits of CAD software are:
It increases the speed and efficiency of drawing production and modification.
It improves the accuracy and precision of drawing dimensions and calculations.
It enhances the quality and consistency of drawing standards and conventions.
It facilitates the collaboration and communication among design team members and stakeholders.
It supports the innovation and creativity of design solutions and alternatives.
CAD software can be classified into different types based on the functions and features they offer. Some of the common types of CAD software are:
Types of CAD software
2D CAD software: These are software applications that are used to create 2D drawings by using lines, arcs, circles, polygons, text, etc. 2D CAD software are also called vector-based software because they use vectors to represent geometric entities. Examples of 2D CAD software are AutoCAD, DraftSight, LibreCAD, etc.
3D CAD software: These are software applications that are used to create 3D models by using solids, surfaces, curves, meshes, etc. 3D CAD software are also called solid-based or surface-based software because they use solids or surfaces to represent geometric entities. Examples of 3D CAD software are SolidWorks, Inventor, Fusion 360, etc.
CAD/CAM software: These are software applications that are used to integrate the design and manufacturing processes by using computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) tools. CAD/CAM software are also called integrated software because they combine the functions of CAD and CAM. Examples of CAD/CAM software are Mastercam, NX CAM, SolidCAM, etc.
BIM software: These are software applications that are used to create building information models (BIM) by using intelligent objects that contain information about their physical and functional characteristics. BIM software are also called parametric or object-based software because they use parameters or objects to represent building elements. Examples of BIM software are Revit, ArchiCAD, SketchUp, etc.
CAD file formats are the formats used to store or exchange CAD data between different software applications or devices. CAD file formats can be categorized into two types: native and neutral. Native file formats are the formats that are specific to a particular CAD software application. They can store all the information and features of a CAD model or drawing. Neutral file formats are the formats that are independent of any specific CAD software application. They can store only the basic information and features of a CAD model or drawing. Some of the common CAD file formats are:
CAD file formats
DWG: This is a native file format for AutoCAD and other Autodesk products. It can store 2D and 3D drawings with layers, blocks, attributes, etc.
DXF: This is a neutral file format for exchanging data between different CAD applications. It can store 2D and 3D drawings with entities, properties, etc.
SLDPRT/SLDASM: These are native file formats for SolidWorks. They can store 3D models with features, parameters, mates, etc.
STEP: This is a neutral file format for exchanging data between different CAD applications. It can store 3D models with geometry, topology, assembly, etc.
RVT: This is a native file format for Revit. It can store BIM models with elements, parameters, families, etc.
IFC: This is a neutral file format for exchanging data between different BIM applications. It can store BIM models with objects, properties, relationships, etc.
CAD modeling methods are the methods used to create 3D models of objects or systems by using different approaches or techniques. CAD modeling methods can be classified into five types: wireframe, surface, solid, parametric, and feature-based. Wireframe modeling is the method of creating 3D models by using lines and curves to define the edges and vertices of the model. Surface modeling is the method of creating 3D models by using surfaces to define the faces and boundaries of the model. Solid modeling is the method of creating 3D models by using solids to define the volume and mass of the model. Parametric modeling is the method of creating 3D models by using parameters to define the dimensions and constraints of the model. Feature-based modeling is the method of creating 3D models by using features to define the operations and modifications of the model. Some of the common CAD modeling methods are:
CAD modeling methods
Wireframe modeling: This is a method of creating 3D models by using lines and curves to define the edges and vertices of the model. Wireframe models are also called skeletal or framework models because they show only the skeleton or framework of the model. Wireframe models are used to show the basic shape and structure of an object or system.
Surface modeling: This is a method of creating 3D models by using surfaces to define the faces and boundaries of the model. Surface models are also called shell or skin models because they show only the shell or skin of the model. Surface models are used to show the appearance and contour of an object or system.
Solid modeling: This is a method of creating 3D models by using solids to define the volume and mass of the model. Solid models are also called body or material models because they show the body or material of the model. Solid models are used to show the physical and functional characteristics of an object or system.
CAD modeling methods
Parametric modeling: This is a method of creating 3D models by using parameters to define the dimensions and constraints of the model. Parametric models are also called associative or intelligent models because they show the association or intelligence of the model. Parametric models are used to show the variability and adaptability of an object or system.
Feature-based modeling: This is a method of creating 3D models by using features to define the operations and modifications of the model. Feature-based models are also called procedural or history-based models because they show the procedure or history of the model. Feature-based models are used to show the functionality and logic of an object or system.
How to use Technical Drawing (13th Edition) as a guide book?
Technical Drawing (13th Edition) is a guide book that provides a clear and comprehensive introduction to technical drawing and CAD. It is written by Frederick E. Giesecke, Alva Mitchell, Henry C Spencer, Ivan L Hill, John T Dygdon, James E. Novak, and Shawna Lockhart. It is published by Prentice Hall Press in 2008. It has 912 pages and 13 chapters.
This book offers the best coverage of basic graphics principles and an unmatched set of fully machinable working drawings. It also provides instruction to help users create 2D drawings by hand or by using CAD software. This book is suitable for professions that utilize the skills of engineering graphics/technical drawing and drafting/technical sketching.
To use this book as a guide book, you need to understand the structure, content, and features of the book. Here are some of the important aspects of the book:
Chapters overview
The book has 13 chapters that cover the following topics:
Chapter 1: Introduction to Graphics Communication: This chapter introduces the concepts and applications of technical drawing and CAD. It also explains the standards and conventions for technical drawing.
Chapter 2: Sketching: This chapter teaches the techniques and principles of sketching by hand or by using CAD software. It also covers the types and formats of sketching.
Chapter 3: Visualization: This chapter explains the concepts and methods of visualization for technical drawing. It also covers the types and techniques of projection, sectioning, and dimensioning.
Chapter 4: Multiview Drawings: This chapter demonstrates how to create orthographic drawings by hand or by using CAD software. It also covers the rules and methods of dimensioning and tolerancing.
Chapter 5: Auxiliary Views: This chapter shows how to create auxiliary views by hand or by using CAD software. It also covers the rules and methods of dimensioning and tolerancing for auxiliary views.
Chapter 6: Descriptive Geometry: This chapter explains the concepts and applications of descriptive geometry for technical drawing. It also covers the methods and problems of point, line, plane, distance, angle, intersection, and shortest path.
Chapter 7: Dimensioning Practices: This chapter reviews the standards and conventions for dimensioning practices for technical drawing. It also covers the types and formats of dimensioning systems, symbols, notation, units, etc.
Chapter 8: Section Views: This chapter illustrates how to create section views by hand or by using CAD software. It also covers the types and formats of section views, symbols, notation, hatching, etc.
Chapters overview
Chapter 9: Threads and Fasteners: This chapter describes how to represent threads and fasteners on technical drawings by hand or by using CAD software. It also covers the types and standards of threads and fasteners, symbols, notation, dimensioning, tolerancing, etc.
Chapter 10: Working Drawings: This chapter explains how to create working drawings by hand or by using CAD software. It also covers the types and formats of working drawings, assembly drawings, detail drawings, bill of materials, etc.
Chapter 11: Pictorial Drawings: This chapter demonstrates how to create pictorial drawings by hand or by using CAD software. It also covers the types and techniques of pictorial drawings, isometric drawings, oblique drawings, perspective drawings, etc.
Chapter 12: Freehand Sketching: This chapter teaches how to create freehand sketches by using basic sketching tools and techniques. It also covers the types and formats of freehand sketches, sketching planes, sketching views, sketching curves, etc.
Chapter 13: Computer Graphics: This chapter introduces the concepts and applications of computer graphics for technical drawing. It also covers the types and features of CAD software, CAD file formats, CAD modeling methods, CAD rendering methods, etc.
Exercises and projects
The book has exercises and projects at the end of each chapter that help users practice and apply the concepts and skills learned in the chapter. The exercises and projects are divided into three categories:
Review questions: These are questions that test the user's understanding and recall of the key terms and concepts in the chapter.
Problems: These are problems that require the user to create or analyze technical drawings by hand or by using CAD software.
Projects: These are projects that require the user to create or modify working drawings by hand or by using CAD software.
Online resources
The book has online resources that provide additional information and support for the book users. The online resources include:
Website: This is a website that contains the book's table of contents, preface, sample chapters, instructor's manual, solutions manual, PowerPoint slides, etc.
eText: This is an electronic version of the book tha